Posted on Apr 18, 2021 in Astronomy, Black Hole, Physics, Science, Space
“If this monster was at the center of the Milky Way it would likely make life on Earth impossible with the huge amounts of x-rays emanating from it,” said Christian Wolf, with the Australian National University (ANU) Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics who made the momentous detection in 2018. “It would appear 10 times brighter than a full moon, an incredibly bright pin-point star that would almost wash out all of the stars in the sky. It’s probably 10,000 times brighter than the galaxy it lives in.” So bright, that it if we were approaching the galaxy in a starship, the object would so blind our view that we could not see the galaxy itself.
Monster devours a mass equivalent to our sun every two days
In May 2018, astronomers at ANU found the fastest-growing black hole known in the Universe, describing it as a monster that devours a mass equivalent to our sun every two days. The astronomers have looked back more than 12 billion years to the early dark ages of the Universe, when this supermassive black hole was estimated to be the size of about 20 billion suns with a one per cent growth rate every one million years.
“Strangely Mature” –Galaxies of the Early Universe
The blaze from material swirling around this newly observed drainpipe into eternity — known officially as SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 — is as luminous as 700 trillion suns, according to Wolf and his collaborators.
Shining thousands of times more brightly than an entire galaxy
“This black hole is growing so rapidly that it’s shining thousands of times more brightly than an entire galaxy, due to all of the gases it sucks in daily that cause lots of friction and heat. The energy emitted from this newly discovered supermassive black hole, also known as a quasar, was mostly ultraviolet light but also radiated x-rays,” Wolf said.
“Galaxy Dragons” –The All-Consuming Supermassive Black Holes in the Center of Quasars
The SkyMapper telescope at the ANU Siding Spring Observatory detected this light in the near-infrared, as the light waves had red-shifted over the billions of light years to Earth. “As the Universe expands, space expands and that stretches the light waves and changes their color,” Wolf said.
What came first? The black holes or the galaxies?
How it got so big so quickly after the Big Bang adds to a mystery about the origin of the supermassive black holes — often weighing in at more than a billion suns — that occupy the centers of galaxies, observes Dennis Overbye for the New York Times. “What came first?” he asks. “The black holes or the galaxies?”
“How they grew to such mass so early after the Big Bang is a profound puzzle for physics,” the authors say in their paper.
“These large and rapidly-growing blackholes are exceedingly rare, and we have been searching for them with SkyMapper for several months now. The European Space Agency’s Gaia satellite, which measures tiny motions of celestial objects, helped us find this supermassive black hole.”
Origin of Supermassive Black Holes? –Dark-Matter Centers of the Early Galaxies
Wolf said the Gaia satellite confirmed the object that they had found was sitting still, meaning that it was far away and it was a candidate to be a very large quasar. The discovery of the new supermassive black hole was confirmed using the spectrograph on the ANU 2.3 meter telescope to split colors into spectral lines.
“We don’t know how this one grew so large”
“We don’t know how this one grew so large, so quickly in the early days of the Universe,” Wolf said. “The hunt is on to find even faster-growing black holes.”
Wolf said as these kinds of black holes shine, they can be used as beacons to see and study the formation of elements in the early galaxies of the Universe. “Scientists can see the shadows of objects in front of the supermassive black hole,” he said. “Fast-growing supermassive black holes also help to clear the fog around them by ionising gases, which makes the Universe more transparent.”
Wolf said instruments on very large ground-based telescopes being built over the next decade would be able to directly measure the expansion of the Universe using these very bright black holes.
Maxwell Moe, astrophysicist, NASA Einstein Fellow, University of Arizona via ANU and New York Times Science
Maxwell Moe, astrophysicist, NASA Einstein Fellow, University of Arizona. Max can be found two nights a week probing the mysteries of the Universe at the Kitt Peak National Observatory. Max received his Ph.D in astronomy from Harvard University in 2015.